Tab.2.1.22,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,
"Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP, by level of education and states 1) 2)",,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,
,,"ISCED 1 to 4: Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary",ISCED 1 to 2: Primary and lower secondary,ISCED 3: Upper secondary,ISCED 4: Post-secondary non-tertiary,ISCED 5 to 8: All tertiary,ISCED 5: Short-cycle tertiary,"ISCED 6 to 8: Bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees or equivalent",ISCED 1 to 8: Primary to tertiary 3)
Country,Year,Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%)
Australia,2012,4,3.1,0.8,0.1,1.6,0.2,1.4,5.6
Australia,2013,3.9,3,0.8,0.1,1.7,0.1,1.5,5.6
Australia,2014,3.9,3,0.8,0.1,1.8,0.3,1.6,5.8
Australia,2015,3.9,3.1,0.7,0.1,2,0.4,1.6,6
Australia,2016,3.9,3.1,0.7,0.1,1.9,0.3,1.6,5.8
Australia,2017,4,3.1,0.8,0.1,2,0.2,1.8,6
Australia,2018,4,3.2,0.7,0.1,1.9,0.2,1.7,5.9
Australia,2019,4.1,3.3,0.8,0.1,1.9,0.2,1.7,6.1
Australia,2020,4.3,3.5,0.8,0.1,1.9,0.2,1.7,6.2
Australia,2021,4,3.2,0.7,0.1,1.8,m,m,5.8
Australia,2022,3.9,3.1,0.7,0.1,1.6,0.1,1.4,5.4
Belgium,2012,4.3,2.5,1.8,y,1.4,0,1.4,5.9
Belgium,2013,4.4,2.5,1.9,y,1.4,0,1.4,5.8
Belgium,2014,4.3,2.5,1.8,y,1.4,0,1.4,5.8
Belgium,2015,4.3,2.5,1.8,y,1.5,0,1.4,5.7
Belgium,2016,4.3,2.5,1.8,y,1.5,0,1.5,5.8
Belgium,2017,4.2,2.4,1.7,y,1.5,0,1.5,5.7
Belgium,2018,4.1,2.5,1.7,y,1.5,0,1.5,5.6
Belgium,2019,4.1,2.4,1.6,y,1.5,0,1.5,5.6
Belgium,2020,4.4,2.6,1.8,y,1.6,0,1.6,6
Belgium,2021,4.1,2.5,1.6,y,1.5,m,m,5.6
Belgium,2022,4,2.4,1.6,y,1.6,0,1.5,5.6
Chile 4)5),2012,3.6,2.4,1.2,a,2.5,0.4,2.2,6.1
Chile 4)5),2013,3.1,2.1,1.1,a,2.3,0.4,2,5.5
Chile 4)5),2014,3.1,2.1,1.1,a,2,0.3,1.7,5.2
Chile 4)5),2015,3.6,2.4,1.2,a,2.5,0.4,2.1,6.1
Chile 4)5),2016,3.6,2.4,1.2,a,2.7,0.4,2.3,6.3
Chile 4)5),2017,3.6,2.4,1.2,a,2.7,0.4,2.3,6.3
Chile 4)5),2018,4.2,2.8,1.4,a,2.4,0.4,2,6.6
Chile 4)5),2019,3.9,2.6,1.2,a,2.7,0.4,2.3,6.5
Chile 4)5),2020,3.8,2.6,1.2,a,2.7,0.3,2.3,6.4
Chile 4)5),2021,3.4,2.4,1.1,a,2.4,m,m,5.9
Chile 4)5),2022,3.4,2.3,1.1,a,2.5,0.3,2.2,5.9
Costa Rica,2012,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Costa Rica,2013,5.7,4.8,0.9,a,2.6,0.2,2.4,8.3
Costa Rica,2014,m,m,m,a,m,m,m,m
Costa Rica,2015,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Costa Rica,2016,m,m,m,a,m,m,m,m
Costa Rica,2017,m,m,m,a,m,m,m,m
Costa Rica,2018,m,m,m,a,m,m,m,m
Costa Rica,2019,m,m,m,a,m,m,m,m
Costa Rica,2020,m,m,m,a,m,m,m,m
Costa Rica,2021,m,m,m,a,m,m,m,m
Costa Rica,2022,m,m,m,a,1.4,m,m,m
Denmark 6),2012,4.7,3.5,1.2,a,m,m,m,m
Denmark 6),2013,4.6,3.4,1.2,a,1.7,y,y,6.4
Denmark 6),2014,4.7,3.4,1.4,a,1.7,y,y,6.5
Denmark 6),2015,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Denmark 6),2016,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Denmark 6),2017,3.8,3,0.9,a,1.7,0.2,1.5,5.5
Denmark 6),2018,3.4,2.6,0.9,a,1.7,0.2,1.5,5.2
Denmark 6),2019,3.6,2.7,0.9,a,1.8,0.2,1.6,5.4
Denmark 6),2020,3.9,3,0.9,a,1.9,0.1,1.8,5.8
Denmark 6),2021,3.6,2.8,0.8,a,1.9,m,m,5.5
Denmark 6),2022,3.4,2.6,0.8,a,1.9,0.1,1.8,5.3
Germany 7),2012,3.1,1.9,1,0.2,1.2,0,1.2,4.4
Germany 7),2013,3.1,1.9,1,0.2,1.2,0,1.2,4.3
Germany 7),2014,3.1,1.9,0.9,0.2,1.2,0,1.2,4.3
Germany 7),2015,3,1.9,0.9,0.2,1.2,0,1.2,4.2
Germany 7),2016,3,1.8,0.9,0.2,1.2,0,1.2,4.2
Germany 7),2017,3,1.9,0.9,0.2,1.2,0,1.2,4.2
Germany 7),2018,3,1.9,0.9,0.2,1.2,0,1.2,4.3
Germany 7),2019,3.1,1.9,0.9,0.2,1.3,0,1.3,4.3
Germany 7),2020,3.3,2.1,1,0.2,1.3,0,1.3,4.6
Germany 7),2021,3.3,2.1,1,0.2,1.3,m,m,4.6
Germany 7),2022,3.1,2,0.9,0.2,1.3,0,1.3,4.4
Estonia,2012,3.2,2,1,0.2,1.6,a,1.6,4.9
Estonia,2013,3.1,2.2,0.7,0.2,2,a,2,5.2
Estonia,2014,3.1,2.1,0.7,0.2,1.9,a,1.9,5
Estonia,2015,3,2,0.8,0.2,1.8,a,1.8,4.7
Estonia,2016,2.9,2.1,0.7,0.1,1.5,a,1.5,4.4
Estonia,2017,2.9,2.1,0.7,0.1,1.5,a,1.5,4.4
Estonia,2018,3.1,2.2,0.8,0.1,1.6,a,1.6,4.7
Estonia,2019,3.2,2.5,0.6,0.1,1.5,a,1.5,4.7
Estonia,2020,3.3,2.6,0.6,0.1,1.5,a,1.5,4.8
Estonia,2021,3.1,2.4,0.6,0.1,1.4,m,m,4.5
Estonia,2022,3.2,2.5,0.6,0.1,1.3,a,1.3,4.5
Finland,2012,3.9,2.4,1.5,y,1.8,0,1.8,5.8
Finland,2013,3.9,2.4,1.5,y,1.8,a,1.8,5.7
Finland,2014,3.9,2.5,1.5,y,1.8,a,1.8,5.7
Finland,2015,4,2.6,1.4,y,1.7,a,1.7,5.7
Finland,2016,3.9,2.5,1.3,y,1.7,a,1.7,5.5
Finland,2017,3.6,2.4,1.2,y,1.6,a,1.6,5.2
Finland,2018,3.6,2.4,1.2,y,1.5,a,1.5,5.1
Finland,2019,3.7,2.5,1.2,y,1.5,a,1.5,5.2
Finland,2020,3.8,2.6,1.2,y,1.6,a,1.6,5.4
Finland,2021,3.8,2.5,1.3,y,1.6,m,m,5.4
Finland,2022,3.7,2.4,1.2,y,1.5,a,1.5,5.2
France,2012,3.8,2.5,1.3,0,1.4,0.3,1.1,5.3
France,2013,3.8,2.5,1.3,0,1.5,0.3,1.2,5.3
France,2014,3.8,2.5,1.3,0,1.5,0.3,1.2,5.3
France,2015,3.7,2.5,1.3,0,1.5,0.3,1.2,5.2
France,2016,3.7,2.4,1.3,0,1.4,0.3,1.1,5.2
France,2017,3.7,2.5,1.2,0,1.5,0.3,1.1,5.2
France,2018,3.7,2.5,1.2,0,1.5,0.3,1.2,5.2
France,2019,3.7,2.5,1.2,0,1.5,0.3,1.2,5.2
France,2020,3.9,2.6,1.3,0,1.6,0.4,1.3,5.5
France,2021,3.8,2.5,1.2,0,1.6,m,m,5.4
France,2022,3.7,2.5,1.2,0,1.7,0.4,1.3,5.4
Greece 4),2012,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Greece 4),2013,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Greece 4),2014,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Greece 4),2015,2.9,2.1,0.8,m,1,a,1,3.8
Greece 4),2016,m,2,0.8,m,m,a,m,m
Greece 4),2017,m,2,0.7,m,0.8,a,0.8,m
Greece 4),2018,2.9,2.1,0.7,m,0.9,a,0.9,3.7
Greece 4),2019,2.8,2.1,0.7,m,0.9,a,0.9,3.7
Greece 4),2020,2.8,2.1,0.7,m,0.9,a,0.9,3.7
Greece 4),2021,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Greece 4),2022,2.7,1.9,0.7,0.1,1.2,a,1.2,3.9
Ireland,2012,4.4,3.2,0.9,0.3,1.3,y,y,5.6
Ireland,2013,4,2.9,0.8,0.3,1.2,y,y,5.2
Ireland,2014,3.7,2.7,0.7,0.3,1.1,y,y,4.8
Ireland,2015,2.7,2,0.5,m,0.8,y,y,3.5
Ireland,2016,2.7,2,0.6,0.1,0.8,y,y,3.5
Ireland,2017,2.5,1.8,0.5,0.2,0.9,y,y,3.4
Ireland,2018,2.4,1.7,0.5,0.2,0.9,y,y,3.3
Ireland,2019,2.3,1.7,0.5,0.2,0.8,y,y,3.2
Ireland,2020,2.4,1.7,0.5,0.2,0.8,y,y,3.2
Ireland,2021,2.2,1.6,0.4,0.2,0.7,m,m,2.9
Ireland,2022,2.1,1.5,0.4,0.2,0.8,m,m,2.8
Iceland,2012,4.7,3.3,1.3,0.1,1.2,0,1.1,6.4
Iceland,2013,4.6,3.3,1.2,0.1,1.3,0,1.3,5.9
Iceland,2014,4.7,3.4,1.2,0.1,1.3,0,1.3,6
Iceland,2015,4.5,3.3,1.2,0.1,1.3,0,1.3,5.8
Iceland,2016,4.3,3.1,1.2,0.1,1.3,0,1.2,5.6
Iceland,2017,4.5,3.3,1.2,0.1,1.3,0,1.3,5.8
Iceland,2018,4.6,3.4,1.1,0.1,1.2,0,1.1,5.8
Iceland,2019,4.5,3.3,1.1,0.1,1.3,0,1.2,5.7
Iceland,2020,4.9,3.7,1.2,0.1,1.4,0,1.3,6.3
Iceland,2021,4.7,3.5,1.1,0.1,1.4,m,m,6.1
Iceland,2022,4.3,3.3,1,0.1,1.3,0,1.3,5.6
Israel 8),2012,4.4,2.5,1.9,0,1.6,0.3,1.3,6.5
Israel 8),2013,4.3,2.4,1.9,0,1.7,0.4,1.3,5.9
Israel 8),2014,4.3,2.3,2,0,1.5,0.2,1.3,5.8
Israel 8),2015,4.5,2.4,2.1,0,1.5,0.2,1.2,6
Israel 8),2016,4.5,2.4,2.1,0,1.4,0.2,1.2,6
Israel 8),2017,4.7,2.5,2.2,0,1.5,0.2,1.3,6.2
Israel 8),2018,4.8,2.6,2.3,0,1.4,0.2,1.2,6.2
Israel 8),2019,4.8,2.5,2.3,0,1.4,0.2,1.2,6.2
Israel 8),2020,5,2.7,2.3,0,1.4,0.2,1.2,6.4
Israel 8),2021,4.8,2.6,2.2,0,1.2,m,m,6.1
Israel 8),2022,4.7,2.6,2.1,0,1.3,0.2,1.1,6.1
Italy,2012,3,1.8,1.1,0.1,0.9,m,0.9,3.9
Italy,2013,3,1.8,1.2,0.1,1,0,1,4
Italy,2014,3,1.8,1.2,0.1,1,0,1,4
Italy,2015,3,1.8,1.1,0.1,0.9,0,0.9,3.9
Italy,2016,2.7,1.6,1.1,y,0.9,0,0.9,3.6
Italy,2017,3,1.7,1.2,y,0.9,0,0.9,3.9
Italy,2018,3.2,1.8,1.4,y,0.9,0,0.9,4.1
Italy,2019,2.9,1.8,1.1,y,0.9,0,0.9,3.8
Italy,2020,3.2,1.9,1.2,y,1,0,1,4.2
Italy,2021,3.1,1.9,1.2,y,1,m,m,4
Italy,2022,2.9,1.8,1.1,y,1,0,1,3.9
Japan 9),2012,2.9,2.1,0.9,y,1.5,0.2,1.3,5
Japan 9),2013,2.9,2.1,0.8,y,1.6,0.2,1.3,4.5
Japan 9),2014,2.9,2,0.9,y,1.5,0.2,1.3,4.4
Japan 9),2015,2.7,1.9,0.8,y,1.4,0.2,1.2,4.1
Japan 9),2016,2.7,1.8,0.8,y,1.4,0.2,1.2,4
Japan 9),2017,2.6,1.8,0.8,y,1.4,0.2,1.2,4
Japan 9),2018,2.6,1.8,0.8,y,1.4,0.2,1.2,4
Japan 9),2019,2.6,1.8,0.8,y,1.4,0.2,1.2,4
Japan 9),2020,2.7,1.9,0.8,y,1.4,0.2,1.2,4.1
Japan 9),2021,2.6,1.8,0.8,y,1.4,m,m,4
Japan 9),2022,2.5,1.8,0.8,y,1.4,0.2,1.2,3.9
Canada 4)10),2012,3.6,2.5,1.1,m,2.5,0.9,1.6,6
Canada 4)10),2013,3.6,2.1,1.5,m,2.5,0.9,1.6,6.1
Canada 4)10),2014,3.6,2.1,1.5,m,2.6,0.9,1.7,6.2
Canada 4)10),2015,3.5,2.1,1.4,m,2.4,0.9,1.5,6
Canada 4)10),2016,3.5,2.1,1.5,m,2.3,0.6,1.7,5.9
Canada 4)10),2017,3.6,2.2,1.4,m,2.3,0.6,1.7,5.9
Canada 4)10),2018,3.5,2.2,1.4,m,2.3,0.6,1.7,5.9
Canada 4)10),2019,3.5,2.2,1.4,m,2.2,0.6,1.6,5.7
Canada 4)10),2020,3.6,2.3,1.3,m,2.4,0.6,1.8,6
Canada 4)10),2021,3.2,2.1,1.2,m,2,m,m,5.3
Canada 4)10),2022,3.4,2.2,1.2,m,2,0.6,1.4,5.5
Colombia 4),2012,4.5,3.9,0.7,y,1.9,y,y,6.8
Colombia 4),2013,4.3,3.7,0.6,m,2.2,0.5,1.7,6.6
Colombia 4),2014,4.1,3.6,0.5,m,1.7,y,y,5.8
Colombia 4),2015,4,3.5,0.5,y,2.2,y,y,6.2
Colombia 4),2016,4,3.5,0.6,y,1.6,y,y,5.7
Colombia 4),2017,4.7,4.1,0.6,m,0.8,y,y,5.5
Colombia 4),2018,4,3.4,0.6,m,0.9,y,y,4.9
Colombia 4),2019,4.3,3.7,0.7,m,1.4,y,y,5.7
Colombia 4),2020,5.1,4.3,0.8,m,1.5,y,y,6.6
Colombia 4),2021,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Colombia 4),2022,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Latvia,2012,2.8,1.9,0.8,0,1.4,0.2,1.2,4.2
Latvia,2013,3.1,2.2,0.9,0,1.4,0.2,1.2,4.5
Latvia,2014,3.3,2.4,0.9,0.1,1.4,0.2,1.2,4.7
Latvia,2015,3.3,2.4,0.9,0.1,1.5,0.2,1.3,4.9
Latvia,2016,3.1,2.3,0.8,0.1,1,0.2,0.9,4.2
Latvia,2017,2.9,2.1,0.8,0.1,1.1,0.1,0.9,4
Latvia,2018,2.9,2,0.8,0.1,1.2,0.2,1,4.1
Latvia,2019,2.9,2,0.8,0.1,1.3,0.1,1.2,4.3
Latvia,2020,3,2,0.9,0.1,1.4,0.2,1.2,4.3
Latvia,2021,2.8,1.9,0.8,0.1,1.3,m,m,4.1
Latvia,2022,2.7,1.9,0.8,0,1.1,0.1,0.9,3.8
Lithuania,2012,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Lithuania,2013,2.7,1.9,0.6,0.2,1.7,a,1.7,4.4
Lithuania,2014,2.6,1.8,0.6,0.2,1.7,a,1.7,4.2
Lithuania,2015,2.4,1.8,0.5,0.1,1.5,a,1.5,3.9
Lithuania,2016,2.5,1.9,0.5,0.1,1.1,a,1.1,3.6
Lithuania,2017,2.4,1.8,0.4,0.1,1,a,1,3.4
Lithuania,2018,2.3,1.8,0.4,0.1,1.1,a,1.1,3.4
Lithuania,2019,2.4,1.8,0.4,0.1,1.1,a,1.1,3.5
Lithuania,2020,2.7,2.1,0.5,0.1,1.2,a,1.2,3.9
Lithuania,2021,2.5,1.9,0.5,0.1,1.1,m,m,3.6
Lithuania,2022,2.5,2,0.4,0.1,1.1,a,1.1,3.7
Luxembourg,2012,3.3,2.3,1,0,0.4,0,0.4,3.7
Luxembourg,2013,2.9,2,0.9,0,0.5,y,y,3.5
Luxembourg,2014,3.1,2.2,0.9,0,0.5,0,0.5,3.6
Luxembourg,2015,2.9,2.1,0.9,0,0.5,0,0.5,3.5
Luxembourg,2016,2.8,1.9,0.9,0,0.5,0,0.5,3.2
Luxembourg,2017,2.7,1.9,0.9,0,0.5,0,0.5,3.2
Luxembourg,2018,2.9,2,0.9,0,0.4,0,0.4,3.3
Luxembourg,2019,2.9,2,0.9,0,0.5,0,0.5,3.3
Luxembourg,2020,3,2.1,0.9,0,0.5,0,0.5,3.4
Luxembourg,2021,2.9,2,0.9,0,0.5,m,m,3.3
Luxembourg,2022,2.9,2,0.9,0,0.4,0,0.4,3.3
Mexico,2012,3.9,3,0.9,m,1.3,y,y,5.4
Mexico,2013,3.9,3,0.9,a,1.3,y,y,5.2
Mexico,2014,3.9,3,1,a,1.4,y,y,5.4
Mexico,2015,3.9,2.9,0.9,a,1.4,y,y,5.3
Mexico,2016,3.7,2.8,0.9,a,1.4,y,y,5.1
Mexico,2017,3.2,2.4,0.8,a,1.2,y,y,4.4
Mexico,2018,3.2,2.5,0.8,a,1.4,y,y,4.6
Mexico,2019,3.2,2.5,0.8,a,1.4,y,y,4.6
Mexico,2020,3.2,2.5,0.8,a,1.2,y,y,4.5
Mexico,2021,3,2.3,0.8,a,1.1,m,m,4.2
Mexico,2022,3,2.3,0.7,a,1.3,m,m,4.3
New Zealand,2012,5,3.2,1.6,0.2,1.9,0.3,1.6,6.9
New Zealand,2013,4.7,3,1.5,0.2,1.8,0.2,1.5,6.5
New Zealand,2014,4.6,3,1.4,0.2,1.8,0.2,1.6,6.4
New Zealand,2015,4.5,3,1.4,0.2,1.8,0.2,1.5,6.3
New Zealand,2016,4.7,3.1,1.4,0.2,1.7,0.2,1.5,6.4
New Zealand,2017,4.6,3.1,1.4,0.1,1.7,0.2,1.5,6.3
New Zealand,2018,4.5,3,1.3,0.2,1.7,0.2,1.5,6.2
New Zealand,2019,3.5,2.3,1,0.2,1.6,0.1,1.5,5.1
New Zealand,2020,3.8,2.5,1.1,0.2,1.6,0.1,1.5,5.4
New Zealand,2021,3.8,2.6,1,0.2,1.5,m,m,5.3
New Zealand,2022,3.8,2.6,1,0.2,1.3,0.1,1.2,5.1
Netherlands,2012,3.8,2.6,1.2,0,1.7,0,1.7,5.5
Netherlands,2013,3.8,2.6,1.2,0,1.7,0,1.7,5.5
Netherlands,2014,3.6,2.5,1.2,0,1.7,0,1.7,5.4
Netherlands,2015,3.6,2.4,1.2,0,1.7,0,1.7,5.4
Netherlands,2016,3.5,2.4,1.1,0,1.7,0,1.7,5.2
Netherlands,2017,3.5,2.3,1.2,a,1.7,0,1.7,5.2
Netherlands,2018,3.5,2.3,1.2,a,1.7,0,1.7,5.2
Netherlands,2019,3.4,2.3,1.2,a,1.7,0,1.7,5.1
Netherlands,2020,3.6,2.4,1.2,a,1.8,0,1.7,5.4
Netherlands,2021,3.6,2.4,1.2,a,1.8,m,m,5.3
Netherlands,2022,3.4,2.3,1.1,0,1.6,0,1.6,5
Norway 11),2012,4.6,3.1,1.5,y,1.6,y,1.6,6.5
Norway 11),2013,4.7,3.1,1.6,y,1.6,y,1.6,6.3
Norway 11),2014,4.5,3,1.5,0,1.7,0,1.6,6.2
Norway 11),2015,4.6,3.1,1.5,0,1.7,0,1.7,6.4
Norway 11),2016,4.6,3.1,1.5,0,1.9,0,1.9,6.5
Norway 11),2017,4.7,3.2,1.5,0,2,0,1.9,6.6
Norway 11),2018,4.7,3.2,1.4,0,2,0.1,1.9,6.6
Norway 11),2019,4.6,3.2,1.4,0,1.9,0.1,1.9,6.6
Norway 11),2020,4.8,3.3,1.5,0,2,0.1,1.9,6.8
Norway 11),2021,4.6,3.2,1.4,0,1.9,m,m,6.5
Norway 11),2022,4.4,3,1.3,0,1.9,0,1.8,6.2
Austria,2012,3.1,2.1,1,0,1.7,0.3,1.5,4.9
Austria,2013,3.2,2.1,1.1,0,1.7,0.3,1.5,5
Austria,2014,3.1,2.1,1,0,1.7,0.3,1.5,4.9
Austria,2015,3.1,2.1,1,0,1.7,0.3,1.5,4.9
Austria,2016,3.1,2.1,1,0,1.8,0.3,1.5,4.9
Austria,2017,3.1,2.1,0.9,0,1.7,0.3,1.5,4.8
Austria,2018,3,2,0.9,0,1.7,0.2,1.5,4.7
Austria,2019,2.9,2,0.9,0,1.7,0.2,1.5,4.7
Austria,2020,3.1,2.1,0.9,0,1.8,0.2,1.6,4.9
Austria,2021,3,2.1,0.9,0,1.9,m,m,4.9
Austria,2022,2.9,2,0.9,0,1.8,0.2,1.6,4.7
Poland 6),2012,3.4,2.4,0.9,0.1,1.3,0,1.3,4.8
Poland 6),2013,3.4,2.4,0.9,0.1,1.4,0,1.4,4.8
Poland 6),2014,3.4,2.4,0.9,0.1,1.3,0,1.3,4.7
Poland 6),2015,3.2,2.3,0.8,0.1,1.4,0,1.4,4.6
Poland 6),2016,3.2,2.3,0.8,0,1.2,0,1.2,4.4
Poland 6),2017,3.1,2.3,0.8,0,1.2,0,1.2,4.3
Poland 6),2018,3.2,2.4,0.8,0.1,1.2,0,1.2,4.4
Poland 6),2019,3.2,2.3,0.9,0,1.3,0,1.3,4.5
Poland 6),2020,3.3,2.3,0.9,0,1.3,0,1.3,4.6
Poland 6),2021,3.3,2.4,0.9,0,1.2,m,m,4.6
Poland 6),2022,3,2.1,0.8,0,1.1,0,1.1,4.1
Portugal,2012,4.5,2.9,1.5,y,1.3,a,1.3,5.9
Portugal,2013,4.7,3.2,1.5,y,1.4,a,1.4,6.1
Portugal,2014,4.5,3.1,1.4,y,1.4,a,1.4,5.8
Portugal,2015,3.9,2.8,1.2,y,1.3,a,1.3,5.2
Portugal,2016,3.9,2.7,1.2,y,1.2,0,1.1,5
Portugal,2017,4,2.8,1.2,y,1.2,0,1.1,5.2
Portugal,2018,3.8,2.7,1.2,y,1.1,0,1.1,5
Portugal,2019,3.7,2.6,1.1,y,1.1,0,1.1,4.8
Portugal,2020,3.8,2.7,1.2,y,1.3,0,1.2,5.1
Portugal,2021,3.8,2.6,1.1,y,1.2,m,m,5
Portugal,2022,3.6,2.5,1.1,y,1.2,0,1.2,4.8
Sweden,2012,3.7,2.5,1.2,0,1.7,0,1.7,5.4
Sweden,2013,3.7,2.5,1.1,0,1.7,0,1.7,5.4
Sweden,2014,3.7,2.6,1.1,0,1.7,0,1.7,5.4
Sweden,2015,3.6,2.6,1,0,1.6,0,1.6,5.3
Sweden,2016,3.8,2.7,1.1,0,1.6,0,1.6,5.4
Sweden,2017,3.9,2.8,1.1,0,1.6,0,1.5,5.4
Sweden,2018,4,2.8,1.1,0,1.6,0,1.5,5.5
Sweden,2019,3.9,2.8,1.1,0,1.6,0,1.5,5.5
Sweden,2020,4.1,2.9,1.1,0,1.6,0,1.6,5.7
Sweden,2021,3.9,2.8,1.1,0,1.5,m,m,5.4
Sweden,2022,3.8,2.7,1,0,1.5,0,1.4,5.3
Switzerland 4)11),2012,3.5,2.5,0.9,y,1.3,0,1.3,4.9
Switzerland 4)11),2013,3.9,2.6,1.3,y,1.2,y,1.2,5.1
Switzerland 4)11),2014,3.4,2.5,0.9,y,1.3,y,1.3,4.7
Switzerland 4)11),2015,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 4)11),2016,m,m,1.3,y,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 4)11),2017,m,m,1.3,y,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 4)11),2018,m,m,1.2,y,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 4)11),2019,m,m,1.2,y,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 4)11),2020,m,m,1.2,y,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 4)11),2021,m,m,1.1,y,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 4)11),2022,m,m,1.1,y,m,m,m,m
Slovakia 12),2012,2.7,1.8,0.9,y,1,y,1,3.8
Slovakia 12),2013,2.7,1.8,0.9,0.1,1.1,0,1.1,3.8
Slovakia 12),2014,2.8,1.8,0.9,0.1,1.1,0,1.1,3.9
Slovakia 12),2015,2.9,1.9,0.9,0,1.6,0,1.6,4.4
Slovakia 12),2016,2.7,1.8,0.8,0,1,0,1,3.7
Slovakia 12),2017,2.7,1.8,0.8,0,1,0,0.9,3.6
Slovakia 12),2018,2.8,1.9,0.8,0,0.9,0,0.9,3.7
Slovakia 12),2019,3,2.1,0.8,0,0.9,0,0.9,3.9
Slovakia 12),2020,3.3,2.3,0.9,0,1.1,0,1,4.3
Slovakia 12),2021,3.3,2.3,0.9,0,1.1,m,m,4.4
Slovakia 12),2022,3.1,2.1,0.9,0,1.1,0,1.1,4.2
Slovenia,2012,3.7,2.6,1.1,y,1.2,0.1,1.1,4.9
Slovenia,2013,3.7,2.6,1.1,a,1.2,0.1,1.1,4.8
Slovenia,2014,3.5,2.5,1,a,1.1,0,1.1,4.6
Slovenia,2015,3.3,2.4,0.9,a,1,0,1,4.3
Slovenia,2016,3.2,2.3,0.9,a,1,0,1,4.3
Slovenia,2017,3.2,2.3,0.9,a,1,0,1,4.2
Slovenia,2018,3.2,2.3,0.9,a,1,0,1,4.2
Slovenia,2019,3.1,2.3,0.8,a,1.1,0,1,4.2
Slovenia,2020,3.4,2.5,0.9,a,1.2,0.1,1.2,4.6
Slovenia,2021,3.4,2.5,0.9,a,1.2,m,m,4.6
Slovenia,2022,3.4,2.5,0.9,a,1.2,0.1,1.1,4.6
Spain,2012,3.1,2.2,0.9,y,1.2,0.2,1.1,4.3
Spain,2013,3,2.1,0.9,y,1.3,0.2,1.1,4.3
Spain,2014,3,2.1,0.9,y,1.3,0.2,1.1,4.3
Spain,2015,3.1,2.2,0.9,y,1.3,0.2,1.1,4.4
Spain,2016,3.1,2.2,0.9,y,1.2,0.2,1.1,4.3
Spain,2017,3,2.1,0.9,y,1.3,0.2,1.1,4.3
Spain,2018,3,2.1,0.9,y,1.3,0.2,1.1,4.3
Spain,2019,3.1,2.1,0.9,y,1.3,0.2,1.1,4.3
Spain,2020,3.5,2.5,1.1,y,1.5,0.2,1.2,5
Spain,2021,3.4,2.4,1,y,1.4,m,m,4.9
Spain,2022,3.2,2.2,1,y,1.4,0.2,1.1,4.5
South Korea,2012,3.7,2.4,1.3,a,2.3,0.3,2.1,6.7
South Korea,2013,3.6,2.4,1.2,m,2.3,0.3,2,5.9
South Korea,2014,4,2.7,1.3,a,2.3,0.3,2,6.3
South Korea,2015,4,2.7,1.3,a,1.8,0.2,1.6,5.8
South Korea,2016,3.7,2.4,1.2,a,1.7,0.2,1.5,5.4
South Korea,2017,3.5,2.3,1.1,a,1.6,0.2,1.4,5
South Korea,2018,3.5,2.4,1.1,a,1.6,0.2,1.4,5.1
South Korea,2019,3.7,2.5,1.2,a,1.5,0.2,1.3,5.3
South Korea,2020,3.5,2.4,1.1,a,1.6,0.2,1.4,5.1
South Korea,2021,3.6,2.5,1.2,a,1.5,m,m,5.2
South Korea,2022,4.2,2.9,1.3,a,1.4,0.1,1.3,5.6
Czech Republic,2012,2.8,1.7,1.1,0,1.4,0,1.4,4.4
Czech Republic,2013,2.7,1.7,1,0,1.3,0,1.3,4
Czech Republic,2014,2.6,1.7,0.9,0,1.2,0,1.2,3.9
Czech Republic,2015,2.6,1.7,0.9,0,1.2,0,1.2,3.8
Czech Republic,2016,2.5,1.6,0.9,0,0.9,0,0.9,3.5
Czech Republic,2017,2.7,1.8,0.9,0,0.9,0,0.9,3.6
Czech Republic,2018,2.9,1.9,1,0,1.2,0,1.2,4.1
Czech Republic,2019,3.1,2.1,1,0,1.2,0,1.2,4.3
Czech Republic,2020,3.4,2.3,1.1,0,1.1,0,1.1,4.5
Czech Republic,2021,3.4,2.3,1.1,0,1.2,m,m,4.6
Czech Republic,2022,3.1,2.1,1,0,1,0,1,4.2
Turkey,2012,3,2,1,a,1.4,y,y,4.4
Turkey,2013,3.3,2.2,1.1,a,1.7,y,y,5
Turkey,2014,3.2,2.2,1,a,1.8,y,y,4.9
Turkey,2015,3.1,2.1,1.1,a,1.7,y,y,4.8
Turkey,2016,3.5,2.1,1.5,a,1.9,y,y,5.4
Turkey,2017,3.3,1.9,1.5,a,1.7,y,y,5
Turkey,2018,3.4,1.9,1.5,a,1.7,y,y,5.1
Turkey,2019,3.6,2.1,1.5,a,1.6,y,y,5.2
Turkey,2020,3.2,1.9,1.3,a,1.5,y,y,4.7
Turkey,2021,2.7,1.6,1,a,1.5,m,m,4.2
Turkey,2022,2.1,1.3,0.8,a,1.3,m,m,3.4
Hungary,2012,2.6,1.5,1,0.1,1.2,0,1.2,4.1
Hungary,2013,2.5,1.5,0.9,0.1,1.3,0.1,1.2,3.8
Hungary,2014,2.8,1.2,1.4,0.2,0.9,0,0.9,3.8
Hungary,2015,2.9,1.5,1.1,0.3,0.9,0,0.9,3.8
Hungary,2016,3.2,1.7,1.3,0.3,1.1,0,1,4.3
Hungary,2017,2.9,1.4,1.1,0.3,1.1,0,1.1,3.9
Hungary,2018,2.8,1.4,1.1,0.3,1.1,0,1.1,3.8
Hungary,2019,2.9,1.8,1,0.1,0.9,0,0.9,3.8
Hungary,2020,2.8,1.7,1,0.1,0.9,0,0.8,3.7
Hungary,2021,2.5,1.6,0.9,0.1,1.6,m,m,4.1
Hungary,2022,2.2,1.4,0.8,0.1,1.2,0.1,1.2,3.4
United Kingdom,2012,4.5,3,1.5,a,1.8,y,y,6.3
United Kingdom,2013,4.8,3.1,1.7,a,1.8,0.1,1.8,6.7
United Kingdom,2014,4.8,3.1,1.7,a,1.8,m,m,6.6
United Kingdom,2015,4.4,2.9,1.4,a,1.9,0,1.8,6.2
United Kingdom,2016,4.4,2.9,1.5,a,1.7,0.2,1.6,6.2
United Kingdom,2017,4.3,2.9,1.4,a,2,0.1,1.8,6.3
United Kingdom,2018,4.1,2.9,1.3,a,2,0.1,1.9,6.1
United Kingdom,2019,4.1,2.8,1.2,a,2,0.1,1.8,6
United Kingdom,2020,4.2,2.9,1.3,a,2.1,0.1,1.9,6.3
United Kingdom,2021,4.1,2.8,1.3,a,2.1,m,m,6.2
United Kingdom,2022,4,2.8,1.3,a,2.1,0.1,2,6.1
United States 4),2012,3.6,2.7,1,y,2.8,y,y,6.4
United States 4),2013,3.5,2.6,1,y,2.6,y,y,6.2
United States 4),2014,3.5,2.6,1,0,2.7,y,y,6.2
United States 4),2015,3.5,2.5,1,0,2.6,y,y,6.1
United States 4),2016,3.5,2.5,1,0,2.5,y,y,6
United States 4),2017,3.6,2.6,1,0,2.6,y,y,6.1
United States 4),2018,3.5,2.5,0.9,0,2.5,y,y,6
United States 4),2019,3.5,2.5,1,0,2.5,y,y,6
United States 4),2020,3.6,2.6,1,0,2.5,y,y,6.1
United States 4),2021,3.5,2.5,0.9,0,2.3,m,m,5.8
United States 4),2022,3.5,2.5,0.9,0,2.3,m,m,5.8
OECD average 13),2012,3.7,2.5,1.2,0.1,1.5,0.2,1.4,5.3
OECD average 13),2013,3.8,2.5,1.2,0.1,1.6,0.2,1.4,5.2
OECD average 13),2014,3.6,2.5,1.2,0.1,1.5,0.2,1.4,5.2
OECD average 13),2015,3.5,2.4,1.1,0.1,1.5,0.2,1.4,5
OECD average 13),2016,3.5,2.4,1.1,m,1.5,0.1,1.3,5
OECD average 13),2017,3.5,2.4,1.1,m,1.4,0.1,1.3,4.9
OECD average 13),2018,3.4,2.4,1.1,m,1.4,0.1,1.3,4.9
OECD average 13),2019,3.4,2.4,1,m,1.5,0.1,1.3,4.9
OECD average 13),2020,3.6,2.6,1.1,m,1.5,0.1,1.4,5.1
OECD average 13),2021,3.4,2.4,1,m,1.5,m,m,4.9
OECD average 13),2022,3.3,2.3,1,m,1.4,0.1,1.3,4.7
EU average 14),2012,3.6,2.4,1.2,0.1,1.4,0.1,1.3,4.9
EU average 14),2013,3.6,2.4,1.1,0.1,1.4,0.1,1.4,5
EU average 14),2014,3.5,2.3,1.1,0.1,1.4,0.1,1.3,4.9
EU average 14),2015,3.3,2.2,1,0.1,1.3,0.1,1.3,4.6
EU average 14),2016,3.2,2.2,1,m,1.2,0.1,1.2,4.5
EU average 14),2017,3.2,2.2,1,m,1.2,0.1,1.2,4.5
EU average 14),2018,3.2,2.2,1,0.1,1.2,0.1,1.2,4.4
EU average 14),2019,3.2,2.2,0.9,m,1.2,0.1,1.2,4.4
EU average 14),2020,3.2,2.3,1,0.1,1.3,0.1,1.3,4.5
EU average 14),2021,3.1,2.2,1,0.1,1.3,m,m,4.4
EU average 14),2022,3,2.1,0.9,0.1,1.2,0.1,1.2,4.2
Argentina,2012,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Argentina,2013,4.4,3.4,1,a,1.1,y,y,5.5
Argentina,2014,4.4,3.4,1,a,1.2,y,y,5.6
Argentina,2015,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Argentina,2016,m,m,m,a,m,m,m,m
Argentina,2017,m,m,m,a,m,m,m,m
Argentina,2018,m,m,m,a,m,m,m,m
Argentina,2019,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Argentina,2020,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Argentina,2021,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Argentina,2022,m,m,m,a,m,m,m,m
Brazil 11),2012,4.7,3.5,1.2,a,0.9,y,y,5.6
Brazil 11),2013,4.3,3.2,1.1,y,0.9,y,y,5.2
Brazil 11),2014,4.1,3,1,y,0.8,y,y,4.9
Brazil 11),2015,4.1,3,1.1,y,1,y,y,5
Brazil 11),2016,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Brazil 11),2017,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Brazil 11),2018,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Brazil 11),2019,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Brazil 11),2020,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Brazil 11),2021,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Brazil 11),2022,m,m,m,m,0.9,m,m,m
China,2012,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
China,2013,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
China,2014,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
China,2015,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
China,2016,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
China,2017,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
China,2018,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
China,2019,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
China,2020,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
China,2021,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
China,2022,2.8,2.1,0.8,a,1.3,m,m,4.1
India,2012,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
India,2013,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
India,2014,m,m,m,m,m,a,m,m
India,2015,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
India,2016,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
India,2017,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
India,2018,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
India,2019,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
India,2020,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
India,2021,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
India,2022,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Indonesia 4),2012,2.5,2,0.5,a,0.8,y,y,3.7
Indonesia 4),2013,2.3,1.9,0.4,a,0.5,0,0.5,2.8
Indonesia 4),2014,m,2.1,0.6,a,0.7,y,y,3.4
Indonesia 4),2015,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Indonesia 4),2016,m,m,m,a,m,m,m,m
Indonesia 4),2017,m,m,m,a,m,m,m,m
Indonesia 4),2018,m,m,m,a,m,m,m,m
Indonesia 4),2019,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Indonesia 4),2020,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Indonesia 4),2021,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Indonesia 4),2022,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Russian Federation,2012,2.3,y,y,y,1.4,0.2,1.2,4
Russian Federation,2013,2.3,y,2.3,y,1.4,0.2,1.2,3.8
Russian Federation,2014,2.1,y,2.1,y,1.3,0.2,1.1,3.3
Russian Federation,2015,1.9,y,1.9,y,1.1,0.1,1,3.1
Russian Federation,2016,2,y,y,y,1.1,0.2,1,3.1
Russian Federation,2017,2.4,y,2.4,y,1.1,0.2,0.9,3.4
Russian Federation,2018,2.4,y,2.4,y,1,0.1,0.9,3.4
Russian Federation,2019,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Russian Federation,2020,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Russian Federation,2021,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Russian Federation,2022,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Saudi Arabia,2012,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Saudi Arabia,2013,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Saudi Arabia,2014,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Saudi Arabia,2015,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Saudi Arabia,2016,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Saudi Arabia,2017,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Saudi Arabia,2018,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Saudi Arabia,2019,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Saudi Arabia,2020,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Saudi Arabia,2021,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Saudi Arabia,2022,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Africa 9)11),2012,4.7,2.6,2,0.2,0.7,y,y,6
South Africa 9)11),2013,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Africa 9)11),2014,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Africa 9)11),2015,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Africa 9)11),2016,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Africa 9)11),2017,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Africa 9)11),2018,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Africa 9)11),2019,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Africa 9)11),2020,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Africa 9)11),2021,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Africa 9)11),2022,5,3.6,1.3,0.1,1.8,m,m,6.9
,,,,,,,,,
"Source: OECD, Education at a Glance",,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,
Notes:,,,,,,,,,
1) According to the ISCED classification: International Standard Classification for Education 2011. For data on early childhood education (ISCED 2011) see table 2.1.23.,,,,,,,,,
2) From public and private sources of funds including international sources.,,,,,,,,,
3) Year of reference 2012: including undistributed programmes.,,,,,,,,,
4) The year specifications may differ from the years of reference. For a detailed specification see source.,,,,,,,,,
5) Reference year 2022: Total expenditure on educational institutions also includes payments from households outside educational institutions.,,,,,,,,,
6) Year of reference 2014: vocational programmes in upper secondary education include information from vocational programmes in lower secondary education.,,,,,,,,,
"7) As of 2020, upper secondary education includes information from vocational programmes in lower secondary education.",,,,,,,,,
8) Upper secondary education includes data from lower secondary education.,,,,,,,,,
"9) Reference year 2022: Post-secondary, non-tertiary education is included in secondary and tertiary education.",,,,,,,,,
"10) As of 2014, primary education includes data from pre-primary (ISCED 02) and lower secondary education.",,,,,,,,,
11) Partially public expenditure only.,,,,,,,,,
12) Year of reference 2014: ISCED 6 to 8 include expenditure on public institutions only.,,,,,,,,,
"13) For a precise allocation of which states were included in the calculation of the OECD average in the individual reporting years, see the respective edition of ""Education at a Glance"".",,,,,,,,,
14) Average of the states of the European Union (for an exact allocation see source). 2012: EU21 average; 2013 to 2015: EU22 average; 2016 to 2017: EU23 average; 2018 to 2019: EU22 average after the United Kingdom left the EU; as of 2020: EU25 average.,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,
a = data not applicable because category does not apply.,,,,,,,,,
m = data not available.,,,,,,,,,
y = data included in other category or column of the table.,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,
"Results of the ICE-BMBF's ICE-Database of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (ICE = Information, Controlling, Entscheidung)",,,,,,,,,
"A system of the German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies (DZHW), http://www.dzhw.eu/en/index_html",,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,
"Last update: September 12, 2025",,,,,,,,,
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