| Erwerstätige | Erwerbslose | Nicht-Erwerbspersonen | Erwerstätige | Erwerbslose | Nicht-Erwerbspersonen | ||||||||||||||
| Männlich | Weiblich | Insgesamt | Männlich | Weiblich | Insgesamt | Männlich | Weiblich | Insgesamt | Männlich | Weiblich | Insgesamt | Männlich | Weiblich | Insgesamt | Männlich | Weiblich | Insgesamt | ||
| Staat | Jahr | Tsd. | Anteile (%) 2) | ||||||||||||||||
Belgien | 2021 | 402.6 | 122.8 | 525.3 | 15.0 | 5.0 | 19.9 | 89.0 | 37.9 | 126.9 | 9.5 | 2.9 | 6.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1.5 |
2022 | 419.6 | 137.0 | 556.6 | 11.9 | 2.7 | 14.6 | 86.3 | 38.2 | 124.4 | 9.8 | 3.2 | 6.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 1.4 | |
2023 | 429.5 | 148.3 | 577.9 | 10.1 | 5.6 | 15.7 | 91.5 | 39.0 | 130.5 | 10.0 | 3.4 | 6.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1.5 | |
2024 | 416.2 | 130.3 | 546.5 | 13.0 | 3.8 | 16.9 | 85.1 | 42.3 | 127.4 | 9.6 | 3.0 | 6.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 1.5 | |
2025 | 431.8 | 150.4 | 582.2 | 14.9 | 8.6 | 23.5 | 99.9 | 46.7 | 146.6 | 9.9 | 3.4 | 6.7 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 1.7 | |
Dänemark | 2021 | 188.7 | 72.0 | 260.7 | 8.4 | 3.9 | 12.3 | 31.5 | 13.6 | 45.1 | 8.7 | 3.3 | 6.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.0 |
2022 | 177.8 | 79.2 | 257.0 | 6.5 | 3.3 | 9.8 | 32.2 | 12.2 | 44.4 | 8.1 | 3.6 | 5.9 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 1.0 | |
2023 | 194.3 | 85.7 | 279.9 | 9.1 | 3.8 | 12.9 | 27.2 | 12.8 | 40.0 | 8.8 | 3.9 | 6.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.9 | |
2024 | 218.7 | 84.0 | 302.7 | 9.0 | 4.5 | 13.4 | 25.3 | 13.5 | 38.8 | 9.9 | 3.8 | 6.9 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.9 | |
2025 | 208.9 | 82.1 | 291.0 | 12.2 | 5.6 | 17.8 | 30.9 | 12.1 | 43.0 | 9.4 | 3.7 | 6.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |
Deutschland | 2021 | 3,827.7 | 848.7 | 4,676.4 | 80.8 | 29.5 | 110.3 | 904.2 | 265.2 | 1,169.4 | 12.5 | 2.8 | 7.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 1.9 |
2022 | 3,940.4 | 882.7 | 4,823.1 | 73.8 | 29.9 | 103.7 | 903.3 | 286.1 | 1,189.4 | 12.7 | 2.9 | 7.8 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 1.9 | |
2023 | 3,988.3 | 911.9 | 4,900.2 | 75.0 | 28.2 | 103.2 | 916.3 | 303.9 | 1,220.2 | 12.8 | 2.9 | 7.9 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |
2024 | 4,036.0 | 935.2 | 4,971.2 | 80.9 | 34.4 | 115.4 | 949.9 | 318.0 | 1,267.8 | 12.8 | 3.0 | 7.9 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |
2025 | 4,196.9 | 987.4 | 5,184.3 | 111.8 | 42.2 | 154.0 | 972.1 | 354.4 | 1,326.5 | 13.4 | 3.2 | 8.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 3.1 | 1.1 | 2.1 | |
Finnland | 2021 | 249.7 | 90.2 | 340.0 | 12.3 | 3.7 | 15.9 | 46.4 | 14.0 | 60.4 | 12.1 | 4.4 | 8.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 1.5 |
2022 | 256.0 | 82.6 | 338.6 | 12.2 | 3.2 | 15.4 | 49.9 | 15.1 | 65.0 | 12.4 | 4.0 | 8.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 1.6 | |
2023 | 269.6 | 92.3 | 361.9 | 9.2 | 5.0 | 14.2 | 55.6 | 17.9 | 73.5 | 13.1 | 4.5 | 8.8 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 1.8 | |
2024 | 259.2 | 77.3 | 336.5 | 13.6 | 5.2 | 18.8 | 57.7 | 19.0 | 76.6 | 12.5 | 3.8 | 8.1 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 1.9 | |
2025 | 261.4 | 87.6 | 349.0 | 13.7 | 5.8 | 19.4 | 51.2 | 21.0 | 72.2 | 12.5 | 4.3 | 8.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 1.7 | |
Frankreich | 2021 | 2,489.3 | 806.3 | 3,295.6 | 115.9 | 34.5 | 150.4 | 498.3 | 222.2 | 720.5 | 10.7 | 3.3 | 6.9 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1.5 |
2022 | 2,457.5 | 812.6 | 3,270.1 | 104.4 | 39.7 | 144.1 | 485.8 | 176.6 | 662.4 | 10.5 | 3.3 | 6.8 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 1.4 | |
2023 | 2,580.8 | 797.7 | 3,378.5 | 107.5 | 38.5 | 146.0 | 511.0 | 219.1 | 730.1 | 11.0 | 3.2 | 7.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1.5 | |
2024 | 2,640.2 | 903.1 | 3,543.4 | 106.0 | 32.4 | 138.4 | 466.7 | 190.5 | 657.2 | 11.1 | 3.6 | 7.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 1.3 | |
2025 | 2,801.0 | 990.2 | 3,791.1 | 134.2 | 44.0 | 178.2 | 527.7 | 208.8 | 736.5 | 11.7 | 3.9 | 7.7 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 1.5 | |
Irland | 2021 | 213.7 | 88.2 | 301.9 | 7.5 | c | 11.0 | 23.3 | 16.9 | 40.2 | 11.5 | 4.6 | 8.0 | 0.4 | c | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.1 |
2022 | 248.0 | 93.6 | 341.6 | c | c | 8.0 | 23.4 | 18.7 | 42.0 | 13.0 | 4.8 | 8.9 | c | c | 0.2 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.1 | |
2023 | 276.7 | 96.0 | 372.7 | 7.9 | 5.6 | 13.6 | 27.1 | 20.4 | 47.4 | 14.3 | 4.8 | 9.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.2 | |
2024 | 301.7 | 118.9 | 420.7 | 9.8 | 6.3 | 16.0 | 38.5 | 18.6 | 57.0 | 15.2 | 5.9 | 10.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.4 | |
2025 | 305.2 | 115.2 | 420.4 | 10.7 | 7.1 | 17.8 | 33.7 | 18.9 | 52.6 | 15.1 | 5.6 | 10.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 1.3 | |
Italien | 2021 | 842.1 | 480.6 | 1,322.7 | 21.4 | 24.8 | 46.2 | 206.5 | 180.9 | 387.4 | 3.8 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
2022 | 859.9 | 490.9 | 1,350.8 | 21.0 | 21.8 | 42.8 | 195.7 | 183.2 | 378.9 | 3.9 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | |
2023 | 950.4 | 532.5 | 1,482.9 | 23.4 | 22.1 | 45.5 | 210.2 | 186.3 | 396.5 | 4.4 | 2.4 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | |
2024 | 1,003.7 | 544.7 | 1,548.4 | 21.2 | 17.7 | 38.9 | 205.8 | 202.3 | 408.1 | 4.6 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
2025 | 976.4 | 540.9 | 1,517.3 | 20.1 | 20.5 | 40.7 | 206.4 | 178.3 | 384.7 | 4.4 | 2.4 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | |
Niederlande | 2021 | 609.1 | 159.4 | 768.5 | 17.6 | 5.3 | 22.9 | 117.7 | 47.4 | 165.0 | 9.3 | 2.4 | 5.8 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 1.3 |
2022 | 646.6 | 169.5 | 816.1 | 14.8 | 8.6 | 23.4 | 103.6 | 37.6 | 141.2 | 9.8 | 2.6 | 6.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 1.1 | |
2023 | 621.7 | 188.9 | 810.6 | 15.0 | 9.2 | 24.2 | 98.9 | 38.6 | 137.5 | 9.3 | 2.8 | 6.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 1.0 | |
2024 | 655.8 | 187.4 | 843.3 | 18.3 | 8.4 | 26.7 | 102.8 | 39.8 | 142.6 | 9.8 | 2.8 | 6.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 1.1 | |
2025 | 677.2 | 203.9 | 881.1 | 20.6 | 15.3 | 35.9 | 102.6 | 40.4 | 143.1 | 10.1 | 3.0 | 6.6 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 1.1 | |
Österreich | 2021 | 434.3 | 99.1 | 533.5 | 14.1 | 5.3 | 19.4 | 97.9 | 25.5 | 123.4 | 13.0 | 2.9 | 7.9 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 1.8 |
2022 | 454.9 | 103.4 | 558.3 | 12.4 | 5.3 | 17.7 | 105.4 | 25.0 | 130.4 | 13.5 | 3.0 | 8.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 3.1 | 0.7 | 1.9 | |
2023 | 468.2 | 105.0 | 573.3 | 13.2 | 4.3 | 17.4 | 100.4 | 26.6 | 127.1 | 13.8 | 3.0 | 8.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 3.0 | 0.8 | 1.9 | |
2024 | 462.6 | 120.1 | 582.7 | 15.6 | 7.4 | 23.1 | 104.6 | 34.3 | 138.9 | 13.6 | 3.5 | 8.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |
2025 | 474.0 | 131.2 | 605.2 | 17.8 | 7.8 | 25.6 | 104.0 | 31.8 | 135.8 | 13.9 | 3.8 | 8.8 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 2.0 | |
Portugal | 2021 | 210.5 | 118.6 | 329.1 | 10.7 | 5.3 | 16.0 | 45.3 | 23.2 | 68.4 | 5.6 | 2.9 | 4.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
2022 | 237.4 | 120.4 | 357.9 | 7.4 | 7.2 | 14.7 | 40.5 | 22.3 | 62.8 | 6.2 | 2.9 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.8 | |
2023 | 245.4 | 118.0 | 363.4 | 11.8 | 5.3 | 17.1 | 48.5 | 27.8 | 76.3 | 6.4 | 2.9 | 4.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | |
2024 | 281.4 | 135.6 | 417.0 | 13.7 | 7.7 | 21.4 | 44.5 | 24.6 | 69.1 | 7.3 | 3.3 | 5.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.9 | |
2025 | 309.1 | 151.0 | 460.1 | 14.3 | 7.9 | 22.1 | 48.1 | 27.2 | 75.4 | 7.8 | 3.6 | 5.7 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.9 | |
Schweden | 2021 | 458.7 | 204.5 | 663.2 | 21.5 | 9.8 | 31.3 | 58.3 | 21.8 | 80.1 | 12.0 | 5.5 | 8.8 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 1.1 |
2022 | 496.2 | 212.7 | 708.9 | 14.0 | 6.8 | 20.8 | 54.3 | 27.0 | 81.3 | 12.9 | 5.7 | 9.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1.1 | |
2023 | 515.7 | 221.3 | 736.9 | 16.5 | 10.3 | 26.8 | 48.9 | 24.5 | 73.3 | 13.4 | 5.9 | 9.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | |
2024 | 521.2 | 231.1 | 752.3 | 20.7 | 17.6 | 38.3 | 48.5 | 27.4 | 75.9 | 13.5 | 6.2 | 9.9 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | |
2025 | 521.4 | 239.4 | 760.8 | 30.4 | 20.8 | 51.2 | 62.3 | 29.6 | 91.9 | 13.5 | 6.4 | 10.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.2 | |
Schweiz | 2021 | 455.4 | 106.2 | 561.7 | 11.3 | 4.4 | 15.7 | 67.7 | 18.2 | 85.8 | 13.9 | 3.3 | 8.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 1.3 |
2022 | 478.7 | 105.1 | 583.7 | 11.6 | 5.3 | 16.9 | 69.0 | 20.6 | 89.7 | 14.6 | 3.2 | 8.9 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 1.4 | |
2023 | 498.9 | 115.5 | 614.4 | 10.8 | 5.2 | 16.1 | 70.0 | 22.3 | 92.3 | 15.0 | 3.5 | 9.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 1.4 | |
2024 | 502.8 | 120.7 | 623.5 | 13.1 | 5.9 | 19.0 | 78.3 | 21.7 | 100.1 | 15.0 | 3.6 | 9.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 1.5 | |
2025 | 497.6 | 115.0 | 612.6 | 14.7 | 6.1 | 20.7 | 77.8 | 20.6 | 98.4 | 14.7 | 3.4 | 9.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 0.6 | 1.5 | |
Spanien | 2021 | 2,004.0 | 599.6 | 2,603.6 | 163.6 | 70.8 | 234.4 | 457.3 | 125.0 | 582.3 | 11.2 | 3.3 | 7.2 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 1.6 |
2022 | 2,089.8 | 690.5 | 2,780.3 | 157.2 | 48.1 | 205.3 | 402.2 | 145.3 | 547.6 | 11.6 | 3.8 | 7.6 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 1.5 | |
2023 | 2,148.0 | 660.8 | 2,808.7 | 120.9 | 56.6 | 177.5 | 463.0 | 120.7 | 583.6 | 11.7 | 3.6 | 7.6 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 0.6 | 1.6 | |
2024 | 2,112.1 | 691.1 | 2,803.2 | 114.8 | 64.9 | 179.7 | 457.4 | 146.7 | 604.1 | 11.4 | 3.7 | 7.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 0.8 | 1.6 | |
2025 | 2,376.3 | 700.9 | 3,077.3 | 115.6 | 61.4 | 177.0 | 438.6 | 151.1 | 589.7 | 12.6 | 3.7 | 8.1 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 1.6 | |
EU27
3) | 2021 | 15,151.7 | 5,022.9 | 20,174.6 | 557.5 | 251.1 | 808.6 | 3,188.1 | 1,403.4 | 4,591.5 | 9.2 | 3.0 | 6.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1.4 |
2022 | 15,502.5 | 5,207.4 | 20,709.9 | 510.8 | 225.4 | 736.2 | 3,018.5 | 1,377.4 | 4,395.8 | 9.4 | 3.1 | 6.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 1.3 | |
2023 | 16,002.7 | 5,370.4 | 21,373.1 | 484.1 | 239.7 | 723.8 | 3,158.2 | 1,417.6 | 4,575.8 | 9.7 | 3.2 | 6.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1.4 | |
2024 | 16,366.8 | 5,594.6 | 21,961.4 | 509.1 | 256.8 | 765.9 | 3,150.1 | 1,473.7 | 4,623.8 | 9.9 | 3.3 | 6.6 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.4 | |
2025 | 17,069.7 | 5,909.2 | 22,978.9 | 588.2 | 285.3 | 873.6 | 3,231.0 | 1,515.0 | 4,746.0 | 10.3 | 3.5 | 6.8 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.4 | |
Source: EUROSTAT (Datenbank Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Erwerbsstatus (lfsa_pganws), Datenbank Personen mit tertiärer Bildung in MINT-Fächern nach Erwerbsstatus und Geschlecht (hrst_stem_gen)); German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies, calculations
Notes:
1) Erwerbstätige mit tertiärer Bildung (ISCED 2011, Bildungsbereiche 5 bis 8) in den MINT-Bereichen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt (Grundgesamtheit sind Erwerbstätige im Alter von 15 bis 74 Jahren). Der MINT-Bereich umfasst gemäß ISCED-F 2013 die Bildungsbereiche "05 Naturwissenschaften, Mathematik und Statistik", "06 Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT)" und "07 Ingenieurwesen, verarbeitendes Gewerbe und Bauwesen". Es handelt sich um Sekundärdatensätze, die aus den Primärdaten der EU-Arbeitskräfteerhebung (EU-Labour Force Survey) abgeleitet wurden. Der statistische Bereich "MINT" ist mit dem übergeordneten Bereich "Humanressourcen in Wissenschaft und Technik" (HRST) verknüpft. Daten für Erwerbslose und Nicht-Erwerbspersonen sind teilweise von geringer Zuverlässigkeit (siehe Quelle).
2) Als Anteil an der Bevölkerung im Alter von 15 bis 74 Jahren insgesamt, z. B. weibliche MINT-Erwerbstätige in Prozent der weiblichen Bevölkerung.
3) Stand der EU-Mitgliedschaft ab Februar 2020 (ohne Vereinigtes Königreich).
c = Zu wenige Beobachtungen, um verlässliche Werte anzugeben. Diese Daten wurden jedoch bei der Berechnung der länderübergreifenden Durchschnittswerte berücksichtigt.
Last update: October 9, 2026
This work is licensed under a Data licence Germany attribution 2.0.
(https://www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-2-0)
(https://www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-2-0)