Source: Federal Statistical Office (GENESIS-Online database - 12411 Current updating of population figures, special evaluation); German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies, calculations; Stifterverband Wissenschaftsstatistik (Daten-Navigator, special evaluation); Working group "Regional Accounts", "Reihe 1, Länderergebnisse Band 1"

Notes:
¹⁾ Differences from GWK publications due to in-house calculations and the regular incorporation of revisions (e.g. GDP) across the entire time series.
²⁾ Throughout the time series, data on R&D expenditure in the business sector refer to the research unit/research facility to relate research activity to the GDP of the respective Länder. In contrast, from the 2023 reporting year onwards, international comparisons (e.g. Eurostat) use the statistical enterprise as the reporting unit. As this approach focuses on the head office of the reporting enterprise, it results in shifts between the Länder and a break in the time series (see Table 1.1.3, from 2023 onwards for data based on the new delineation).
³⁾ GDP calculation status: August 2025/February 2026 (source: Regional Accounts). Results of the 2024 national accounts general revision based on ESA 2010.
⁴⁾ See also data portal Table 1.2.4.
⁵⁾ Calculated using data for the current updating of population figures, reference date: 31 December. Population data are based on the census.
⁶⁾ Including non-allocable funds. Deviations in the R&D ratio for Germany compared with Table 1.1.1 are possible, as Table 1.1.1 uses more recent GDP data for the calculation.

Last update: April 30, 2026