Tab.1.1.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) of the Federal Republic of Germany, by performing sectors",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,1981,1991,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023
Performing sectors 1) 2),Funding sectors,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros
Business enterprise sector 3),Business enterprise sector,10945,22845,23470,23708,25414,26907,30492,32333,32940,33704,34805,35201,35585,37863,39427,42211,41662,43183,46659,49137,48958,52093,54704,56386,62214,65204,66856,62625,67023,72373,m
Business enterprise sector 3),Government sector,2260,2640,2742,2869,2671,2578,2339,2448,2431,2276,2325,2251,1723,1854,1936,2073,2022,2096,2221,2339,1800,1915,2026,2088,2181,2234,2421,2268,2667,2880,m
Business enterprise sector 3),Private non-profit sector,30,76,20,20,29,31,78,71,78,80,23,23,66,70,74,79,39,40,133,140,105,112,162,167,88,91,113,106,89,97,m
Business enterprise sector 3),Abroad,159,685,584,614,796,818,714,748,882,890,876,888,1278,1361,1597,1710,1553,1610,2064,2174,2703,2876,4060,4185,4305,4573,6441,6034,5982,6460,m
Business enterprise sector 3),Total,13394,26246,26817,27211,28910,30334,33623,35600,36332,36950,38029,38363,38651,41148,43034,46073,45275,46929,51077,53790,53566,56996,60952,62826,68787,72101,75830,71032,75761,81809,90408
Government and private non-profit sector 4),Business enterprise sector,35,71,214,116,124,136,140,151,164,185,175,187,777,852,923,865,976,927,1019,1174,1222,1384,1406,1431,1363,1401,1464,1527,1328,1385,m
Government and private non-profit sector 4),Government sector,2601,5214,5890,5980,5931,6166,6218,6444,6629,6824,6829,6925,6524,6680,6986,7847,8302,8805,9286,9421,9864,10136,10262,10459,11161,11746,12463,12913,14147,14871,m
Government and private non-profit sector 4),Private non-profit sector,49,120,83,105,113,124,127,137,144,162,153,185,98,141,143,128,137,124,131,168,141,151,157,165,257,272,283,292,274,299,m
Government and private non-profit sector 4),Abroad,27,53,79,103,105,121,146,141,209,162,151,217,469,483,488,507,517,498,539,579,635,649,661,665,703,749,811,857,1012,1050,m
Government and private non-profit sector 4),Total,2712,5457,6266,6305,6272,6547,6632,6873,7146,7333,7307,7514,7867,8156,8540,9346,9932,10354,10974,11341,11862,12320,12486,12721,13484,14168,15022,15589,16761,17605,18574
Higher education sector 5),Business enterprise sector,59,433,673,741,805,863,945,986,1091,1139,1227,1273,1363,1423,1492,1674,1690,1763,1884,1961,1996,2111,2129,2299,2307,2484,2599,2584,2704,2874,m
Higher education sector 5),Government sector,3255,5713,6620,6847,6799,6741,7017,7169,7473,7906,7964,7657,7656,7837,8051,9048,9673,10360,11078,11351,11534,12133,12474,13720,14254,15169,15708,16478,17101,18060,m
Higher education sector 5),Private non-profit sector,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-
Higher education sector 5),Abroad,m,m,78,101,131,158,137,198,194,222,201,289,342,402,384,453,508,609,555,668,771,686,742,608,721,747,865,901,857,1073,m
Higher education sector 5),Total,3313,6145,7371,7690,7734,7761,8098,8352,8758,9268,9391,9219,9361,9663,9927,11175,11871,12731,13518,13980,14302,14930,15344,16627,17282,18400,19173,19962,20661,22007,23026
Total,Business enterprise sector,11039,23348,24357,24565,26342,27906,31576,33470,34196,35029,36207,36662,37725,40138,41842,44750,44327,45873,49562,52272,52176,55589,58239,60116,65884,69090,70919,66736,71055,76633,m
Total,Government sector,8116,13567,15252,15697,15400,15485,15574,16061,16534,17006,17118,16833,15902,16371,16973,18967,19997,21260,22585,23111,23198,24184,24762,26267,27596,29149,30592,31658,33915,35811,m
Total,Private non-profit sector,78,196,104,126,141,154,205,208,222,242,176,208,164,211,217,207,176,164,263,307,246,263,319,332,344,362,396,398,363,395,m
Total,Abroad,186,738,741,818,1032,1096,997,1086,1284,1274,1228,1394,2089,2246,2469,2670,2578,2716,3158,3420,4110,4211,5462,5458,5729,6069,8118,7791,7851,8582,m
Total,Total,19420,37848,40454,41206,42916,44642,48352,50825,52236,53551,54727,55097,55879,58967,61501,66594,67078,70014,75569,79110,79730,84246,88782,92174,99554,104669,110025,106583,113184,121421,132008
,Category,Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%)
,GERD as a percentage of GDP 6),2.43,2.38,2.13,2.14,2.18,2.21,2.33,2.39,2.38,2.41,2.44,2.4,2.4,2.43,2.42,2.57,2.69,2.68,2.75,2.83,2.78,2.82,2.88,2.88,2.99,3.05,3.11,3.09,3.07,3.04,3.13
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"Source: Federal Statistical Office (GENESIS-Online database - 21821 Reports on research and development, special evaluation)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
This table also appears in the Federal Report on Research and Innovation as Table 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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Notes:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"1) Data from surveys of the relevant performing sectors. Until 1990, the former Federal Republic of Germany; as of 1991, all of Germany. Due to revision of the calculation method, the data up to 1991 are only partly comparable with data from later publications.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2) Figures for even years are partly estimated.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"3) Companies and institutions for co-operative research; intramural R&D expenditures (OECD concept) of business enterprises; until 1990, including non-apportionable government funding; as of 1992, government R&D funding for business enterprises pursuant to figures of funding institutions -- Federal Government and Länder. Until 2010 the funding source data of the Stifterverband Wissenschaftsstatistik, which have been obtained from R&D-performing reporting units, differ from this, since the performing reporting units are not always able to clearly identify the original funding source. As of 2023, reporting unit statistical enterprise.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"4) Non-university research institutions (e.g., Max Planck Society, Fraunhofer Society). Government: federal, Länder and municipal (research) institutions; as of 1981, Federal Government institutions; as of 1985, Länder institutions with their R&D shares only. As of 1992, modified survey procedure; in 1995, the reporting scope was expanded; in 2005, modified calculation method. Until 2010, including external expenditure on research and development.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"5) As of 2016, changed calculation method.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"6) Gross Domestic Product (GDP): August 2025. In 1981, results of the national accounts revision 2005 based on ESA 1995. As of 1991, results of the national accounts general revision 2024 based on ESA 2010.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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- = no figures or magnitude zero.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
m = data not available.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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"Results of the ICE-BMBF's ICE-Database of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (ICE = Information, Controlling, Entscheidung)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"A system of the German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies (DZHW), http://www.dzhw.eu/en/index_html",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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"Last update: August 28, 2025",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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This work is licensed under a Data licence Germany attribution 2.0.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
(https://www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-2-0),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,